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Protein function relies heavily on post-translational modifications (PTMs), which regulate conformation, activity and interactions. Over 80% of functional proteins undergo reversible PTMs. Palmitoylation, a key PTM, modifies cysteine residues and affects membrane localization and stability. Its abnormality is linked to cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, yet traditional methods lack spatiotemporal specificity.

Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes. The 2023 WHO report notes 250 million annual cases and over 600,000 deaths globally, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasite matures in mosquitoes and infects humans via bites. Its most vulnerable stage is when sporozoites form oocysts. Scientists found the protein PfPIMMS43 helps parasites evade the immune system during this period.

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks healthy tissues, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis. They are the second most common disorders after cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Their pathogenesis is unclear but linked to genetics, self-antigens, and immune dysregulation. Current treatments like NSAIDs and TNF‑α inhibitors have side effects, and 40% of patients do not respond to TNF‑α inhibitors.

Headache is one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide. Data indicates that approximately 52% of the global population has experienced the affliction of headaches, making it one of the leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).

China’s 2024 Adult Obesity Dietary Guidelines show 34.3% overweight and 16.4% obesity among adults. The World Obesity Federation reports 2.8% and 2% annual increases for adults and children. By 2030, overweight and obese people may make up nearly half of China’s population.

Modern society places far higher demands on individuals. High-pressure study/work, complex relationships, and overreliance on electronic devices and virtual worlds reduce real social interaction. Material pursuit further disrupts physical and mental balance, leading to a sharp rise in anxiety and depression compared with previous decades.

Eczema is a localized inflammatory skin disease categorized into acute, subacute, and chronic types by clinical course. In China, its prevalence is about 3%–5% in the general population and 10%–20% in children. Symptoms like pruritus, erosion, exudation, ulceration, and frequent recurrence severely impair patients’ daily lives.

Approximately 8% of the DNA in the human body is derived from the remnants of retroviruses that infected ancient human ancestors. These retroviruses reverse-transcribed their own RNA into DNA, which integrated into the human genetic material and has been inherited by humans to the present day.

Modern medicine holds that psoriasis is a chronic skin disease caused by multiple factors such as genetic and environmental factors. Similar to lupus erythematosus mentioned earlier in some aspects, it involves immune - mediated factors, which play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of psoriasis.

Owing to its multiple advantages, nanobodies have been widely applied and studied in the field of biological research. Beyond the mainstream research directions, they also hold great potential in the fields of food safety and agricultural development. Nowadays, this technology is gradually being applied to research in the field of transdermal drug delivery.

Recently, Ivonescimab Injection, independently developed by Akeso-Sino Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and the world's first of its kind, has been officially approved for marketing. Combined with chemotherapy, Ivonescimab Injection is expected to provide a brand-new and highly effective immunotherapeutic regimen for patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer.

Pathogenic microorganisms cause various infectious diseases. Major outbreaks like Ebola, COVID-19, and malaria threaten human health and trigger social crises, driving the search for simpler, more effective treatments. Controlling infection sources, blocking transmission, and protecting vulnerable groups are key to prevention and control.